Personal Ethics Statement Essay Example for Free

Computer Architecture free essay sample

The reason for directing this task is to investigate around 32-piece and 64-piece processor engineering as it is imperative to us in other to see increasingly about PC design. Looking at the execution of the 32-piece and 64-piece processor engineering will assist us with understanding and recognize the 32-piece and 64-piece design all the more without any problem. Toward the finish of this task, we can comprehend the importance of 32-piece and 64-piece processor design just as how they influence the transport width (information and address), memory addresses, RAM size, register, whole number size and document size. We likewise will comprehend the similarity issues of 32-piece and 64-piece processor design. To know their highlights and application we should comprehend the foundation and history of x86 and Advanced RISC Machine/Acorn RISC ought to be modified. Every one of these errands were separated and disseminated among two gathering individuals and were aggregated with end. 1. What 32-piece and 64-piece processor engineering mean? 32-piece and 64-piece processor design is the manner by which the PC is constructed. We will compose a custom article test on PC Architecture or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It alludes to how much the memory and address space are in the PC. This design influences the exhibition of the PC where twofold number of bits, twofold the rate a processor can move information. In this way, 32-bits and 64-piece processor design have distinctive size of information, RAM stockpiling and size of document where 64-piece have better execution contrast with 32-piece processor. Moreover, 64-piece processor can run practically every one of the 32-piece programs. 2. How they influence the transports width (information and address), memory address, RAM size, register, number size and document size? Distinctive n-bit of processor give diverse degree of execution where it influence some part in PC. Transport width alludes to how much the information can transmit at once. In this way, in the event that we have 64-piece of processor, our PC transport additionally ought to have 64-piece. This can abstain from moving additional information and no additional information preparing done. More piece processor can store more information where RAM size is relying upon processor. For instance, 32-piece working framework can store 4 gigabyte of information while 64-piece working framework can amass to 1terabyte of ata. Moreover, 64-piece have more location space for register than 32-piece processor where 64-piece can give better execution. As the time goes on, the document turns out to be increasingly unpredictable. The register need more space to store this information. In this manner, an individual who need store numerous information is desirable over purchase 64-piece processor PC. This i s on the grounds that as they need more information to store, the 32-piece processor have limit record size yet 64-piece can give them additional document size. 3. Talk about the similarity issues of the 32-piece and 64-piece processor. 4-piece processor can do task quicker than 32-piece processor as 64-piece have more memory space. Consequently, as a regressive good to 32-piece program, 64-piece working framework can run practically every one of the 32-piece programs through the unique similarity mode. Windows 64-piece incognito 32-piece information structure into 64-piece adjusted structure where windows 64-piece produces local 64-piece framework call (Remah, 2012). This is the means by which 64-piece working framework are structure as in reverse perfect to 32-piece program. 4. The foundation, history, highlights and utilization of x86 and Advanced RISC Machine/Acorn RISC Machine (ARM). Foundation and history a)x86 †¢The 8086 additionally called iAPX86 is a 16-piece microchip chip planned by Intel between mid 1976 and mid-1978, when it was discharged. The 8086 offered ascend to the x86 design of Intels future processors. b)Advanced RISC Machine/Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) †¢Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) is a processor design base on a 32-piece diminished guidance set (RISC) PC. Authorized around the world, the ARM engineering is the most ordinarily executed 32-piece guidance set design. Oak seed PC bunch build up the main RISC in 1985, which was trailed by its discharged of the principal financial plan inviting pc processor. In 1990 ARM was discharged. It was the aftereffect of community exertion among oak seed and Mac PC to build up another chip standard. Highlights a)x86 †¢provides a legitimate structure for executing guidelines through a processor and permits programming projects and directions to run on any processor in the Intel 8086 family b)Advanced RISC Machine/Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) Load/store-based engineering, single-cycle guidance execution, reliable 1632 piece register record, interface register, simple interpreting tending to modes, fixed 32-piece guidance set. Application a)X86 †¢application utilized in Computer Operating framework, for example, DOS, Linux, Mac OS x, Solaris and Windows. b)Advanced RISC Machine/Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) †¢application utilized in Computer Operating framework such Windows CE, Linux, Android, Windows 7 full form, Windows 7 Embedded , Windows Vista , Windows XP full form , Windows XP Embedded. . Clarify six (6) contrasts among x86 and ARM. x86ARM 1) Support for working frameworks Linux, Windows CE, Android 1) Support for working frameworks Windows CE, Linux, Android, Windows 7 full form, Windows 7 Embedded , Windows Vista , Windows XP full form , Windows XP Embedded 2) inserted applications is to a huge degree to pick a biological system with extra equipment and programming parts. 2) ARM in installed applications is to a little degree to pick environment. 3) Supports information kinds of byte 8-bit,16-bit ) Supports information sorts of byte 32-piece, 64-piece 4) x86 structure of PC framework is bette r in performance4) ARM processor, its CPU once in a while showed up 1G of scarcely any megabytes. 5 gives an intelligent structure to executing directions through a processor5 Load/store-based engineering, single-cycle guidance execution 6) X86-design has been broadly utilized in work areas and servers throughout the years and the development has prompted not just expanded general registering execution 6) ARM engineering then again is offered in wide assortment of System-on-a-chip. End From our survey, we can presume that the 32-piece CPU and ALU structures, they depend on registers, address transports, or information transports of that size. Next to that, a processor with 32-piece memory locations can legitimately get to 4 Giga Byte of byte-addressable memory. 32-piece is much more slow than 64-piece since it can just address 32-piece of information at a time contrasted with 64-piece which can address 64-piece of information at once. For the 64-piece, it is the utilization of processors that have information way widths, number size, and memory locations of 64 bits (8 octets) wide. 4-piece CPU and ALU models are those that depend on registers, address transports, or information transports of that size. A 64-piece framework can move twice as much information around and can process a greater number of information than 32-piece. All in all, both of this processor has their focal points and impediments. Speed is one of the significant contrasts between these two ki nds of processor though 64-piece is more quicker than 32-piece. Most program can run on a 32-piece adaptation and not all program can run on a 64-piece form which is a burden for the 64-piece. References http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/64-bit_computing http://PC. yourdictionary. com/articles/what-32-piece design. html http://www. phatcode. net/res/260/records/html/SystemOrganization. html http://www. brokenthorn. com/Resources/OSDev7. html http://www. techsupportalert. com/content/how-windows7-vista64-support-32bit-applications. htm http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Intel_8086 http://www. techopedia. com/definition/5900/propelled risc-machine-arm http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/X86-64#Architectural_features

The Story of Feral Child Genie Wiley

The Story of Feral Child Genie Wiley History and Biographies Print The Story of Feral Child Genie Wiley The Shocking Story of the Famous Wild Child Raised in Isolation By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 30, 2019 Imgorthand / Vetta / Getty Images More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Genie’s Background Teaching Genie Critical Period Language Progress Arguments Over Care The Beginning of the End Where Is Genie Today? View All Back To Top There have been a number of cases of feral children raised in social isolation with little or no human contact. Few have captured public and scientific attention like that of a  young girl called Genie. She spent almost her entire childhood locked in a bedroom, isolated and abused for over a decade. Genies case was one of the first to put the critical period theory to the test. Could a child reared in utter deprivation and isolation develop language? Could a nurturing environment make up for a horrifying past? Genie’s Background Genies story came to light on November 4, 1970, in Los Angeles, California. A social worker discovered the 13-year old girl after her mother sought out services. The social worker soon discovered that the girl had been confined to a small room, and an investigation by authorities quickly revealed that the child had spent most of her life in this room, often tied to a potty chair. The girl was given the name Genie in her case files to protect her identity and privacy. The case name is Genie. This is not the persons real name, but when we think about what a genie is, a genie is a creature that comes out of a bottle or whatever but emerges into human society past childhood. We assume that it really isnt a creature that had a human childhood,” explained Susan Curtiss in a 1997 Nova documentary  titled, Secrets of the Wild Child. Both parents were charged with abuse, but Genies father committed suicide the day before he was due to appear in court, leaving behind a note stating that the world will never understand. Genies life prior to her discovery was one of utter deprivation. She spent most of her days tied naked to her potty chair only able to move her hands and feet. When she made noise, her father would beat her. Her father, mother, and older brother rarely spoke to her. The rare times her father did interact with her, it was to bark or growl. The story of her case soon spread, drawing attention from both the public and the scientific community. The case was important, said psycholinguist and author Harlan Lee, because our morality doesn’t allow us to conduct deprivation experiments with human beings;  these unfortunate people are all we have to go on. With so much interest in her case, the question became what should be done with her. A team of psychologists and language experts began the process of rehabilitating Genie. Teaching Genie The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) provided funding for scientific research on Genie’s case. I think everybody who came in contact with her was attracted to her. She had a quality of somehow connecting with people, which developed more and more but was present, really, from the start. She had a way of reaching out without saying anything, but just somehow by the kind of look in her eyes, and people wanted to do things for her,” said psychologist David Rigler, part of the Genie team.?? Her rehabilitation team also included graduate student Susan Curtiss and psychologist James Kent. Upon her initial arrival at UCLA, the team was met with a girl who weighed just 59 pounds and moved with a strange bunny walk. She often spat and was unable to straighten her arms and legs. Silent, incontinent, and unable to chew, she initially seemed only able to recognize her own name and the word sorry. After assessing Genies emotional and cognitive abilities, Kent described her as the most profoundly damaged child Ive ever seen … Genies life is a wasteland. Her silence and inability to use language made it difficult to assess her mental abilities, but on tests, she scored at about the level of a 1-year-old. She soon began to make rapid progression in specific areas, quickly learning how to use the toilet and dress herself. Over the next few months, she began to experience more developmental progress  but remained poor in areas such as language. She enjoyed going out on day trips outside of the hospital  and explored her new environment with an intensity that amazed her caregivers and strangers alike. Curtiss suggested that Genie had a strong ability to communicate nonverbally, often receiving gifts from total strangers who seemed to understand the young girls powerful need to explore the world around her. Critical Period and Language Acquisition Part of the reason why Genies case fascinated psychologists and linguists so deeply was that it presented a unique opportunity to study a hotly contested debate about language development. Nativists believe that the capacity for language is innate, while empiricists suggest that it is environmental variables that play a key role??. Essentially, it boils down to the age-old nature versus nurture debate. Does genetics or environment play a greater role in developing language? Nativist Noam Chomsky suggested that acquiring language could not be fully explained by learning alone. Instead, he proposed that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD), an innate ability to understand the principles of language. Once exposed to language, the LAD allows children to learn the language at a remarkable pace. Linguist Eric Lenneberg suggests that like many other human behaviors, the ability to acquire language is subject to critical periods. A critical period is a limited span of time during which an organism is sensitive to external stimuli and capable of acquiring certain skills. According to Lenneberg, the critical period for language acquisition lasts until around age 12. After the onset of puberty, he argued, the organization of the brain becomes set and no longer able to learn and utilize language in a fully functional manner.?? Genies case presented researchers with a unique opportunity. If given an enriched learning environment, could she overcome her deprived childhood and learn language even though she had missed the critical period? If she could, it would suggest that the critical period hypothesis of language development was wrong. If she could not, it would indicate that Lennebergs theory was correct. Language Progress Despite scoring at the level of a 1-year-old upon her initial assessment, Genie quickly began adding new words to her vocabulary. She started by learning single words and eventually began putting two words together much the way young children do. Curtiss began to feel that Genie would be fully capable of acquiring language. After a year of treatment, she even started putting three words together occasionally. In children going through normal language development, this stage is followed by what is known as a language explosion. Children rapidly acquire new words and begin putting them together in novel ways. Unfortunately, this never happened for Genie. Her language abilities remained stuck at this stage and she appeared unable to apply grammatical rules and use language in a meaningful way. At this point, her progress leveled off and her acquisition of new language halted. While Genie was able to learn some language after puberty, her inability to use grammar (which Chomsky suggests is what separates human language from animal communication) offers evidence for the critical period hypothesis. Of course, Genies case is not so simple. Not only did she miss the critical period for learning language, but  she was also horrifically abused. She was malnourished and deprived of cognitive stimulation for most of her childhood. Researchers were also never able to fully determine if Genie suffered from pre-existing cognitive deficits. As an infant, a pediatrician had identified her as having some type of mental delay. So researchers were left to wonder whether Genie had suffered from cognitive deficits caused by her years of abuse or if she had been born with some degree of mental retardation. Arguments Over Genie’s Care Psychiatrist Jay Shurley helped assess Genie after she was first discovered, and he noted that since situations like hers were so rare, she quickly became the center of a battle between the researchers involved in her case. Arguments over the research and the course of her treatment soon erupted. Genie occasionally spent the night at the home of Jean Butler, one of her teachers. After an outbreak of measles, Genie was quarantined at her teachers home. Butler soon became protective and began restricting access to Genie. Other members of the team felt that Butlers goal was to become famous from the case, at one point claiming that Butler had called herself the next Anne Sullivan, the teacher famous for helping Helen Keller learn to communicate. Eventually, Genie was removed from Butlers care and went to live in the home of psychologist David Rigler, where she remained for the next four years. Despite some difficulties, she appeared to do well in the Rigler household. She enjoyed listening to classical music on the piano and loved to draw, often finding it easier to communicate through drawing than through other methods. The Beginning of the End NIMH withdrew funding in 1974, due to the lack of scientific findings. Linguist Susan Curtiss had found that while Genie could use words, she could not produce grammar. She could not arrange these words in a meaningful way, supporting the idea of a critical period in language development. Riglers research was disorganized and largely anecdotal. Without funds to continue the research and care for Genie, she was moved from the Riglers care. In 1975, Genie returned to live with her birth mother. When her mother found the task too difficult, Genie was moved through a series of foster homes, where she was often subjected to further abuse and neglect. Genie’s birth mother then sued the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles and the research team, charging them with excessive testing. While the lawsuit was eventually settled, it raised important questions about the treatment and care of Genie. Did the research interfere with the girls therapeutic treatment? Genie’s situation continued to worsen. After spending a significant amount of time in foster homes, she returned to Children’s Hospital. Unfortunately, the progress that had occurred during her first stay had been severely compromised by the subsequent treatment she received in foster care. Genie was afraid to open her mouth and had regressed back into silence. Where Is Genie Today? Today, Genie lives in an adult foster care home somewhere in southern California. Little is known about her present condition, although an anonymous individual hired a private investigator to track her down in 2000 and described her as happy. This contrasts with the account of psychiatrist Jay Shurley who visited her on her 27th and 29th birthdays and characterized her as largely silent, depressed, and chronically institutionalized. What do we take away from this really sad story? asked Harlan Lee in the NOVA documentary. Look, theres an ethical dilemma in this kind of research. If you want to do rigorous science, then Genies interests are going to come second some of the time. If you only care about helping Genie, then you wouldnt do a lot of the scientific research. So, what are you going to do? To make matters worse, the two roles, scientist and therapist, were combined in one person, in her case. So, I think future generations are going to study Genies case not only for what it can teach us about human development but also for what it can teach us about the rewards and the risks of conducting the forbidden experiment.

The Ultimate Guide For Ayahuasca s Effects On The Brain,...

The Ultimate Guide To Ayahuasca s Effects On The Brain, Depression Rebirth Ayahuasca is a shamanic medicine originating from the Amazon Rainforest, brewed from a combination of several plants that are legally available. It is associated with rituals and religious ceremonies that are specific to a complete Ayahuasca experience. The Immediate effects of the medicine can be felt in about 20-60 minutes after the oral intake, but the intoxication can last on a person for upto 10 hours. Ayahuasca has a broad spectrum of some amazing positive effects on the body, mind and soul, making one feel completely different in every single ceremony. Here are some of the benefits and effects associated with the medicine explaining why should one try the†¦show more content†¦In recent decades, there is a growing interest in the said substance due to its potential in treating mental disorders like depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and addiction. Ayahuasca users disclosed that the experience was fulfilling and worth it. Most individuals feel that they are free and a better person following their Ayahuasca session. Some were able to quit from doing cocaine and bad habits. Others experienced psychological and spiritual healing with personal insight and integration. It might sound exaggerated to some who are doubtful to Ayahuasca but yes, there are Ayahuasca users who became more appreciative of life and their family after using the substance. Life and work became easier and enjoyable. Some felt that they were lost, but came to their senses again after using Ayahuasca. Others felt that they were too consumed with their personal issues, but Ayahuasca awakened them to feel alive again. How

China And The Climate Change Debate - 995 Words

Many know that China does not have the most positive background towards climate change, and being one of the world’s largest emitters of greenhouse gases, something has to be done. Furthermore, their initiative to this negative title and better their carbon footprint is questionable. With a substantial population, countless factories, and unfathomable waste disposal, it may be difficult to regulate or attempt to improve their ecological standpoint; however, little efforts have been presented. Recently, China has addressed their impact on climate change and plan to make drastic measures in order to, literally, clean up their act; however, have they dug a hole too deep to get out of? Firstly, I will address the article written by Richard Brubaker, ‘China and the Climate Change Debate’. During Copenhagen’s 2009 summit, China shone in its reluctance to agree to any binding commitments, especially commitments assessing carbon emissions. However, China is using its resources to act in other areas such as investing in newer and cleaner technology. It is pursuing economic, environmental, and social stability, campaigned as a ‘harmonious society’, though its ability to create balance while maintain stable growth has proven limited. Sustainability is China’s biggest and most complex issue dealing with air pollution to manmade droughts. However, China does not seem to grasp the suitable meaning of sustainability, it simply means the population having sufficient nutrition. China reliesShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : Fact Or Fiction? Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom both sides of a raging debate that has encompassed the political landscape of America and much of the world. This raging debate concerns Global Warming or preferably Climate Change. Each side trying to convince the populace one way or the other. On one side the liberal ideology is convinced that the rapid change in the temperature of the earth is caused by extensive human Carbon Dioxide emissions. On the other side, the conservative ideology is certain that the change in the temperature of theRead MoreClimate Change Has Become The Most Pressing Issue Of Our Time1448 Words   |  6 Pagesput bluntly: climate change has become the most pressing issue of our time. It is a concern so urgent that many say we have already passed a point in which we cannot recover; we can merely hope to minimize the damage. It is an issue that has found its way to the forefront of many governmental platforms, regardless of political affiliation. Most recently, APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation – held its yearly summit in Beijing, the capital of the world ’s greatest polluter: China. 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This topic has went from scientist observing small changes in the weat her, to a multi-billion dollar campaigns ran by the world’s governments and private industries. The topic of climate change has influenced everything from business decisions to new laws being put into place. The debateRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Global Issue Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational society. Today, the great debate over the existence of global warming is over; almost everyone believes that global warming is a real issue that must be addressed. The world is now at the step in which it must take action to combat climate change. In the push to do this, many countries report their carbon emissions. However, in reporting our carbon emissions, many people are jumping to conclusions by wrongly pointing at China as most responsible for climate change. A Reuters article from AprilRead MoreChinese Economic Expansion And Increased Air Pollution1729 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Engl 108-006 11/03/2014 Chinese Economic Expansion and Increased Air Pollution In recent years, China has been experiencing unprecedented economic growth. Chinese prosperity has had negative side-effects, including extreme environmental pollution (Wong, 2014). What researchers call â€Å"ambient particulate matter pollution† was the fourth-leading risk factor for deaths in China, contributing to 1.2 million deaths in 2010. Construction, industrial waste and greenhouse gasses are the majorRead MoreChina Case Study988 Words   |  4 Pagescountrys large population and economic growth, China is the 2nd largest contributor of GHGs in the world. However, the government originally perceived climate change as a scientific issue rather than an issue that could be handled through policy (Zhou, 2008). The country began its efforts to combat climate change after feeling pressure from other nations to reduce its emissions. As such, China established the National Coordination Committee on Climate Change (NCCCC) to help achieve its targets of 20%Read MoreConstrain ts On Nations And Individuals1677 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals in Combating Climate Change Course and code Date Name of student Name of Institute Constraints on Nations and Individuals in Combating Climate Change For many years, the issue of climate change has been thorny mostly because it affects the whole world yet a few countries are the greatest contributors. Climate change has led to global warming that has affected many countries in terms of weather variation, flooding, poverty, and desertification. While the great debate rages over whetherRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe climatic changes have been an issue of controversies around scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, there are many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in, being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion about climatic changes will be divided into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the main cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climaticRead MoreThe Climatic Changes And Global Warming Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesclimatic changes have been a controversial issue over scientists, politicians, and people in general. Indeed, many aspects in which climatic changes and global warming step in are being sources of controversies and disagreements. In this opportunity, the discussion regarding climatic changes divides it into two different aspects, the first one involves how scientists think about the principal cause of climatic changes while analyzing the question â€Å"Are humans responsible for climatic changes? While

Motivation and Organisational Behavior Free Essays

What is motivation? Motivation is define as the stimulus that drives, direct and maintaining the human behavior to reach goals (Wood et al. , 2006). In the context of workplace, motivation will be the one that drive the employee to perform and give more effort to contribute in the company or organization growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Organisational Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, it is crucial that manager keeps their employee or workers motivated. In this essay, one out of four content theories and one out of two process theory will be defined out and compared out. There are 2 types of motivation theory: Content and process theory. While content theory looks to factors within the individual and attempt to answer most of the â€Å"what† question in the context of motivation, process theory emphasize more on â€Å"how† does someone gets motivated. (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). A few theorists that have contributed to the few famous theories are Maslow, Herzberg, Atkinson, and McClelland (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). In theory, there is a continuous relationship between need (drive), tension, action and satisfaction (Reduction of drive). But in reality, it might be more complex than just those 4 actions. These are because: People’s needs are changing over time, and how people react to failure plays a part too. For example a failure to someone will demoralize him, and yet it might push another person to strive for to be better. Hence, their varying needs translated into varying actions of each individual. (Vincent Gabriel, 2003). One of the famous theories in terms of motivation is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. In this theory, Abraham Maslow defined out human needs in 5 steps, with each lower step must be satisfied or fulfilled before advancing to the further steps. He identify higher order needs, such as self esteem and self actualization and lower order needs such as social, safety and physiological needs (wood et al, 2006). Maslow rank these needs up by assuming which needs are more important, hence the need to satisfy it before other needs can serve as motivators. (Wood et all, 2006). According to Maslow himself, once the lower needs have been satisfied, it will not serve as the motivator anymore (Udechukwu, 2009). For example, for a normal human, the most basic needs include food, water and a place to live. Once this eeds have been fulfilled, he will then move on to the next hierarchy: safety. To put it in rough term, he will then want to be able to continue to eat and drink, hence he will find a job and a source of income to do so. Once that is satisfied too, and then he will be able to move on to the next level, so on and so forth. Hence, as you can see, a person will continue to climb the â€Å"pyramid† until he reaches the top of the scale: self actualization. From here onward, he then will think on how to expand himself further, and start fulfilling other aspect of needs. As what have written previously, while content theory like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs explains out on what are the factors that motivate people, there’s process theory that explain on how does the motivator motivate people, or even, whether is the motivator effective or rather counter-productive instead? In this essay, for the process theory, we are going to look at Adam’s equity theory. Equity theory suggests that employee must develop a sense of fairness after comparing themselves against their peer or others. Huseman et al suggest that there are three types of individuals (Shore, 2004). They are: ‘Benevolents’, who are described as â€Å"giver†, who prefer to have given more input than output. There’s also ‘Entitleds’, who are the â€Å"getter†, who on the contrary to the â€Å"giver†, will feel discontent and unfair when their input is larger than their output, and finally, the third type of individual is the one that what Huseman called Equity Sensitives, who will adhere to the old equity theory and will just stick with the balance of input and output (Shore, 2004). With all the individuals defined, Equity theorist starts to predict that benevolent, entitled, and equity sensitives will respond differently to fairness in workplace. For example, benevolent (giver) will feel more satisfied when they feel that they are under-rewarded than when they were over-rewarded. On the contrary, Entitleds (taker), will feel unsatisfied when they were under-rewarded. On a field study done by Huseman, what have been found out about these 3 individuals is that, indeed that both entitleds and equity sensitives are behaving like what was predicted, but on the contrary of the expectation, enevolents do get more satisfied when they were over-reward (Shore, 2004). This strange phenomenon happened too on other studies by King et al (1993), Alien and White(2002), and also Sauley and Bedeian(2000). Even though all those studies have their own limitation, we can safely conclude that the benevolents are the most tolerant to the under-reward and also more satisfied than the other 2 types of individuals (Shore, 2004). To compare and contrast both the content and process theory mentioned above, we can rather say that they both must be practiced in the workplace instead of only choosing either one. As what have been mentioned earlier on, the content theory is only explain out the â€Å"what† factor of a human motivator. For this, Maslow basically theorized based on what does one needs that haven’t been fulfilled and arranging them up in a hierarchy order (Harris et al, 1993). Whereas process theory will be dwelling on the nature on how or what problem does human see and perceived and whether it will motivate them. To put it simply, what have been explained above about equity theory is that even with a reward, it may affect different individuals differently. Before we look into how a job design actually helps in motivating an employee in a company, let’s take a look on what actually is a job design and what are some of the characteristic first. A job design is basically a planning and specification of a job task so that the job are done like how we want it to be (Wood et al, 2006). Under the job design itself, there are four major areas that we will want to cover later on. Those four are: job simplification, job enlargement, job rotation, and job enrichment. To explain these four aspects better, let us examine a short and simple case of a pirate ship (Rao, 2010). In a pirate ship, there are a lot of jobs involved. It can be as small as normal pirate crew, to the extent until the captain of the ships. Different job have different scopes that need to be fulfilled. Now if we were to design a job in this ship, how will we be able to design it up then? A group of people in MBA have actually grouped them up into two categories: the star tasks and the guardian tasks. The star tasks job scope include target identification, command in the battle until the negotiation for alliance between fleet. Whereas, the guardian task job is rather more operational, such as allocating crews, solving conflicts, executing punishment, distributing loot evenly until the role of medic (Rao, 2010). The question is, is it really efficient then, to lump all those tasks into two groups only? Well, the answer is most probably quite obvious: No. In such setting of the pirate ship, it will be rather hard for one individuals to be able to have the skills to be the Great Star or Great guardian, since both of them require a totally different set of skills. What will happen is that with this kind of job design, it will discourage a crew member to apply for the position of the star or guardian position. In this case, we will want to use job simplification to analyze and solve this issue. Job simplification is meant to make someone excel in a job(wood et al, 2006), for example, a crew member of the ship will be task to do a specific job only (eg. Negotiating with other fleet). In the long term, the crew member will get better and better in that area of job. The strength of this job design approach, however, is its biggest weakness also. This is because, since that the job have been simplified, the crew member will get bored doing it again and again for so many years already. This is when we will want to other approach such as job enlargement, job enrichment and job rotation. Job enlargement involves combining two or more skills that were assigned to separate workers previously (Wood et al, 2006). The only difference between this and the job simplification is that now the worker are responsible over different areas and also have more jobs to do (eg. Negotiator can also be tasked to manage the navigation). The other approach that involves equipping the crew or worker with more skills is job rotation. This approach can be defined as working different tasks or in different position for a set of time (Kaymaz, 2010). This approach focus more on the flexibility of the worker, decreasing the monotony, supporting career development, enabling high level of adaptation, and also to decrease stress (Kaymaz, 2010). With all those advantage, the most obvious disadvantage will most probably that the crew or worker will spend too much time to adapt and learn different sets of skills. Last but not least is the job enrichment approach. This involves in adding responsibility to the worker, making their job is more in depth. (wood et al, 2006). With all those job design approach been defined out, it will then enable us to combine and come up with a set of approach that we can use so that our employee are motivated. An appropriate job design can always motivate the employee up if we identify out, each and every single needs of an employee. A new employee that recently joined the company will most probably want to fulfill his physiological needs; hence he will want to have the appropriate salary. If his performance is good most of the time, and the company wants to retain him, the company must takes in the account on whether he is â€Å"benevolents† type or the â€Å"entitleds† type to measure the tolerance level on deciding his pay. Once all of those approach has been made, company must also keep close look on the employee, so that they can react fast to apply other approach such as job enlargement or even to the extent of job enrichment and empowerment if the employees begun to show signals that they are not motivated anymore. And now, we have covered the content theory of Maslow, the Adam’s Equity theory for the process theory in the context of motivation theory, and we also have covered job design approach and how to apply it in the company and organization. Hence it will be pretty obvious, that to motivate people, we will want to know what’s the key motivator is the person, whether he will be motivated with the changes that have been made and also how can the company change to motivate him better. How to cite Motivation and Organisational Behavior, Essay examples

The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay Example For Students

The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movements name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled. African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the rash aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work. Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major role during this era. No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away. The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation. The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay Example For Students The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movements name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled. African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the rash aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work. Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major role during this era. No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away. The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation. The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay Example For Students The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movements name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled. African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the rash aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work. Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major role during this era. No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away. The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation. The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay Example For Students The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movements name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled. African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the rash aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work. Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major role during this era. No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away. The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation. The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay Example For Students The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity Essay A New Cultural Identity By Anus Overstress AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and great innovations among artist and writers. The movements name is derived from its origin; Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled. African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this intellectual movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of Jazz and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American educators, students, and intellectuals. In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the rash aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work. Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established both his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful use of words to portray African American heritage played a major role during this era. No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away. The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation.